get with it

An incredible and memorable hiking+camping Sundarijal-Nagarkot on (25-26)th june 2011

2011-07-17T06:27:00.000-07:00

While we were waiting for the test going to be held at 1500 hrs at monday 2068/03/06(2011/06/20) suddenly a topic arises among us about outing. We were around 10 guys discussing on that topic guess what "hiking". Including Me,Chhabi M.C,Diwash Karki,Dhurwa Bhatta and Archan matanchhe finally decided to go for a 2 day and 1 night hiking and camping from Sundarijal to Nagarkot on saturday. Some of our friends Anil Raj Dani, Ebin Khatri and Ashish Khanal were quite disappointe with our decision and they were emphasing on picnic. But Archan clarified about the consequences on picnic and hiking+camping then they were convinced too.
The very next day we were busy on plan making and preparing the lists of the materials we were taking with us.Officially I handled the overall management of the hiking and campming. I along with my 14 friends decided what things to be carried and what stuffs to be brought. As per planned we decided to take those things,now it comes to the financial matter how much money we are going to collect for it. My friend Archan mentioned about Rs.500 which seems to be quite economical and resonable price though we discluded some of the stuffs which we decided to take due to financial reason. The final list of friends who were going in the campaign were-Archan Matanchhe,Diwash Karki,Basanta Sharma,Abiral Baniya,Ravi,Apran Paudel,Bishnu Ghimire,Anil Rja Dani,Bibek Kattel,Bhuwan Kandel,Ebin Khatri,Gokul Gautam and Dhurwa Bhatta. After that we all were busy about making excuses at our home for going outing. And we were praying that everything would be fine and rainfall not to occur at our campain day. At friday evening we did shopping and the food and drinks were kept in my room and remaining items we decided to buy next day i.e saturday.
I will never forget that friday night which i spend all on cooking, and thanks to my dear friend Bibek Kattel "kamred" and Arpan Paudel withuot their help i couldn't have completed that cooking. We didn't even imagined that it will take sp long to prepare the roast of 7 kg chicken with limited tools and dishes. But we three did it at morning 0100 hrs at saturday and take rest for around 5 hours dreaming for the great and exiciting next day. But i couldn't sleep that night because due to the spice of the chicken roast my hand was badly swelling so i kept my hand on an ice water and tried to slept listening to oldies nepali songs.

Saturday 25th June 011, we get up around half past 6 and did all the packing and prepared the readied with the items to be taken. The thing happen what were begging not to happen it rained fron the early morning. But our spirit didn't broke up by that rain.Half of the guys were coming from Ratnapark and we were waiting them at Gyaneshwor it was around 0745 hrs and we ride on the bus. We reached to sujdarijal at 0830 hrs then emptiying our tanks started with the journey. All were excited about this campaign and me too. And how pretty the weather also favored us, there was no rainfall at all and the climate was alsi favourable. After around 700 mtrs we stopped at a beautiful waterfall side where there was a rest cottage and had our breakfast i.e. Bread and jam. I and Kamred were busy on preparing breakfast for we all while the other were busy on taking snaps. Alfer having brekafast we clicked some pisc ant fired ciggrates and drink as a energy provider which turned to be a great helper for climbinb the slippy and steepy steps, "ukalo". While we had breakfast the remaining of our breakfast was taken by a monkey

say cheers !!!

Then we kept on moving, after walking arounr 1000 mtr we reached to ticket counter of Shivapuri National park the payed for the ticket there we rest for the while. Then again our journey starts during it we make alot of gossips, talkings and unproductive issues. After wakling around 1200 mtrs from the base we decided to take a group snap and arranged infront of the screen. It was really an awesome moment in our life we were never so wild and free before,everybody were enjoying their independency
an wilderness. Till this moment we were not so tired, our mind was full of excitment,pleasure and wander as it was just a beginning of our campaign. We had cold drinks and gums and fired smoke.

After taking some random snaps we continued to walk upstairs to the hill. Walking around 1 and half hour we reached to Mulkharka where we took rest in a vatti, some of us were planning to have xang(raksi) but we didn't . We continued walking Abiral including some of guys went for hunting and brought "G". In the way while they went for hunting we waited for them around half hour finally they came. Now it was becoming hard to climb up the hill coz our breakfast energy was diminishing and we need to take some food so we decided to have a lunch in the middle of hill in the shurbs where we enjoyed alot. We had raksi and non drinkers had dew to conquer their thirst then we served lunch for then. Baba made Join in due time and we enjoyed with every puff of it. That was a palce where our guys danced, sang and enjoyed wildly. But we were sort of water there. Everybody was on good mood and we were in charge too.

All of us were having time and incredible pleasure.
Abiral sang a song named " Dhaka Topi mailo........" in which we danced most. Similarly Diwash sang a song "Laure ko karimo" which was awesome to but in the mean time i forget to sing a song "K khanxau kamala suntala ki amala" in which we would have enjoyed alot. The vedio and photo where we rested and had lunch is attached. I'll never forget this one archan was full in charge and lying in grass we called him "archan ko chilim farkyo :P"

TO BE CONTINUED.......

DASHAIN WISHES AND SMS

2010-10-06T02:57:00.000-07:00

Bhagyya chamkos sabaiko,
Sabaiko hos sukha samriddhi,
Sukha saanti ko baas hos charai tira
Maata durga ko aasirwad rahirahos sarbada
Bijaya Dashami 2068 ko yehi chha subhakaamana

भाग्य चम्कोस सबैको,
सबैको होस् सुख सम्रिद्धी,
सुख शान्तीको बास होस् चारै तिर
माता दुर्गाको आशिर्वाद रहिरहोस् सर्बदा
बिजया दशमी २०68 को येही छ SUVAKMANA....

Bhagyya chamkos sabaiko,
Sabaiko hos sukha samriddhi,
Sukha saanti ko baas hos charai tira
Maata durga ko aasirwad rahirahos sarbada
Bijaya Dashami 2068 ko yehi chha subhakaamana

भाग्य चम्कोस सबैको,
सबैको होस् सुख सम्रिद्धी,
सुख शान्तीको बास होस् चारै तिर
माता दुर्गाको आशिर्वाद रहिरहोस् सर्बदा
बिजया दशमी २०68 को येही छ शुभकामना

sampurna saathibhai tatha aafantalai
b – bijayako pratik banera aaos
ja – jaha gayepani dukha nahos
ya – yatra garda kaanda le pani narokos
da – dashain ko
su – subhakaamana yes mahaan parvak
mi – milansaar mitra sampurnalai
yehi chha mero mangalnaya subhakaamana

सम्पूर्ण साथीभाइ तथा आफन्तलाई
बि – बिजयको प्रतिक बनेर आओस
ज – जहाँ गएपनी दु:ख नहोस्
या – यात्रा गर्दा काडाले पनि नरोकोस
द – दशै को
स – शुभकामना येस् महान् पर्व
मी – मिलनसार मित्र सम्पूर्णलाई
येही छ मेरो मंगलमय शुभकामना

subhakaamana
maadhav nepalko jasto bhagya hos
baaburam bhattaraiko jasto budhhi hos
ang sang sukiko jasto dhaire hos
soniya gandhiko jasto tyag hos
madankrishna haribansako jasto mel hos
girija prasadko jasto aat hos
deshma feri pani ashanti nahos
3 crore nepaliko sadhai jaya hos

शुभकामना
माधव नेपालको जस्तो भाग्य होस्
बाबुराम भट्टराईको जस्तो बुद्धी होस्
आङ साङ् सुकिको जस्तो धैय होस्
सोनिया गन्धिको जस्तो त्याग होस्
मदनकृष्ण हरीबन्शको जस्तो मेल होस्
गिरिजा प्रसादको जस्तो आट होस्
देशमा फेरी पनि अशान्ति नहोस्
३ करोड नेपालीको सधैं जय होस्

utsaha, umanga
utsav, khusi
shanti, ullas
harsa, sukha
prasannata, subista
aananda, samridhhi
unnati, kalyan
mangal, subidha
abhudaya
e sabdaharu sabdakos ma maatra narahun
yehi chha bijaya dashami ko subhakamana

उत्साह, उमाङ
उत्सव, खुसी
शान्ति, उल्लास
हर्स, सुख
प्रसन्नता, सुबिस्ता
आनन्द, सम्रिधी
उन्नती, कल्याण
मंगल्, सुबिधा
अभुदय
यी शब्दहरु शब्दकोस मा मात्र नरहुन
येही छ बिजया दशमी को शुभकामना

jaagar dine jamaraa
aanta dine achheta
char chimeki gaun basti
aafantako mamata
saradko khusiyaali
chairahos, fulirahos
sabailai sukha milos
shanti milos bhanchhu ma ta
jaagar dine jamaraa
aanta dine achheta
durga bhawani daine hun
sabaiko bhalo hos
sabaiko mangal hos

जागर दिने जमरा
आँट दिने अछेता
घर छिमेकी गाउँ बस्ती
आफन्तको ममता
सरद्को खुशीयाली
छाइरहोस्, फुलिरहोस्
सबैलाई सुख मिलोस
शान्ति मिलोस भन्छु म त
जागर दिने जमरा
आँट दिने अछेता
दुर्गा भवानी दाइने हुन
सबैको भलो होस्
सबैको मंगल् होस्

bijaya dashami sadhai aau timi unnati banera,
chunauti samana garna chattan banera,
raato tika banera, jamara banera,
saktiddayek banera, gyan maya bhayera,
khusi bhayera, ullas bhayera,
sabaika laagi sadhai sadhai, mangal maya banera,
sabai sabailai subhakaamana banera

बिजया दशमी सधैं आऊ तिमी उन्नती बनेर,
चुनौती सामना गर्न चट्टान बनेर,
रातो टिका बनेर, जमरा बनेर,
सक्तिद्दाएक बनेर, ज्ञान मय भएर,
खुसी भएर, उल्लास भएर,
सबैका लागि सधैं सधैं, मंगलमय बनेर,
सबै सबैलाई शुभकामना बनेर

aayo dashain aayo, khusiyaali layo
charai tira batabaran umangalle chayo
mannka dukha basta, chhedik bhayepani birsaayo
haasi kheli ramai manaaine parwa aayo
dashainko sabailai subhakaamana

आयो दशै आयो, खुशीयाली ल्यायो
चारै तीर बातावरण उमंगलले छायो
मंनका दु:ख कस्ट, छेडिक भयेपनि बिर्सायो
हासी खेली रमाइ मनाइने पर्व आयो
दशैको सबैलाई शुभकामना

dhashainma durga bhawani daahine rahun,
tiharma laxmile baas garun,
sampurna nepaliko ghar aanganma
durga bhawani, laxmile sadha khusi chharun
Yehi nai hamro sabailai hardik mangal maya subhakaamanana

दशैमा दुर्गा भवानी दाहिने रहुन,
तिहारमा लक्ष्मीले बास गरुन,
सम्पूर्ण नेपालीको घर आगनमा
दुर्गा भवानी, लक्ष्मीले सधा खुसी छरुन
येहि नै हाम्रो सबैलाई हार्दिक मंगलमय शुभकामना

pyaara istamitraharu sada petrol paiyos,
loadshedding nahos, bandha ra hadtaal naparos,
mobileko network laagos, netaharuma samriddhi aaos,
mahangi kam hos, purahos sabaiko manokaamana
yehi chha mero dashain ra tiharko subhakaamana

प्यारा इस्तमित्रहरु सदा पेट्रोल पाइयोस,
loadshedding नहोस्, बन्द र हड्ताल नपरोस,
मोबाईलको नेट्वोर्क लागोस, नेताहरुमा सुबुद्दी आओस,
महंगी कम होस्, पुराहोस् सबैको मनोकामना
येही छ मेरो दशै र तिहारको शुभकामना

“aayo dashain dhol bayai
gayo dashain rin bokai”
ukhan ko punara bitti nahos,
jhadapakhalaa pidit ko pet ma anna paros
khokro aadambar tyagera dashain manau
bijaya dashami ko yehi kaamaan

“आयो दशै ढोल बजाइ
गयो दशै रिन बोकाइ”
उखान को पुनराबित्ति नहोस्,
झाडापखाला पीडित को पेट मा अन्न परोस
खोक्रो आडम्बर त्यागेर दशै मनाउ
बिजया दशमी को येही कामना

naya nepal bhanda bhandai dashain aaisakyo
saradako nyano ghaamle dharti chhoisakyo
kahele hola maanisama ekatako baasa
yehi dashainma bhayepani hunthiyo bipattiko naas

नयाँ नेपाल भन्दा भन्दै दसैं आएसक्यो
सरदको न्यानो घामले धर्ती छोइसक्यो
कहिले होला मानिसमा एकताको बास
येहि दशैमा भएपनि हुन्थियो बिपत्तिको नाश

gayanti mangalaakari, bhadrakaali kapaalini
durgachyma simadhatri, swaha soda namastute
mata durga bhawanile sabaiko rakchha garun........

May ur happiness b as big as Ganesh's ear,
ur surrow b as tiny as his mouse,
ur life b as long as his trunk
and moments b as sweet as his laddoo.
HAPPY DASHAIN......

Thuloko aashis,
Saanoko maya,
Chamkiyos, Nidharma
Rato tika ani pahelo jamarako,
Sital chhaya,
Rahirahos Dashainko ramjham,
Sadhai Bhari,
Manaula Dashain Pheri pani
Yesai gari
Happy DASHAIN !!!

यद आयो भने आँखा बन्द नगर्नु, भेट भएन भने पनि दुख नमान्नु,
हामि सँधै सँगै हुनु पर्छ भन्ने पनि केहि छैन,
तर मित्रताको ढोका कहिले बन्द नगर्नु ।
टिका होस निधारमा, जमरा होस कानमा,
खुसि छवोस परिवारमा, अनि शान्ती देशमा,
दशैँमा खुसिनै खुसि बास होस सबै शत्रु हरुको नास होस ।
विजय दशमी २०68 को हार्दिक मंङगलमय
शुभकामना!!!

Look around.
It's so pleasant Sun is Smiling for You,
Trees are Dancing for You,
Birds are Singing for You,
But I'am Wising You a Many Many
"HAPPY VIJAYA DASHAMI 2068"
for You.

Birse hunchha Dukha pida sathibhai majha
Lie aayo sara khusi Dashain hamro sajha
Bada dashainko yahi chha mero subhakamana
Chawos harsa ra umanga pura houn manokamana.

Tika hos nidharma Khusi hos manma
Rangichangi ful ani jamara hos kanma
Satruharu nas houn mahisasur jastai
Manokamana pura hos chitaye jasai.

घुमिफिरी आयो हेर वडादशैं हाम्रो,
खुसीयाली बाँडिहेरौ त्यहि हुन्छ राम्रो ।
भवानिको प्रसाद लिई आशिष तिमी माग,
वडादशैंको शुभकामना सबैसामु राख।

Pani khada bear paros,
Dhara kholda wine bagos,
chicken khada, sapro paros,
mutton khada, hyakula paros,
यही नै २०67 सालको
दशै को शुभकामना।

सुख दु:ख बाँडिचुँडि खुसिहरु लिई,
वर्षौवेखि खोसिएका मायाहरुपाई
भवानिको भएजति पाई आशिष सबै
उमङगले भरोस तिम्रो यो वर्षको दशैं ।

Three people are asking ur mobile no. with me.
I didn’t give ur no but I gave home address to them.
They are coming at ur home in this Dashain.
They are Sukha, Shanti and Samriddhi.
Please welcome them. SUBHA DASHAIN. enjoy !!

Look Outside…
It’s so pleasant!
Sun Smiling For you…
Trees Dancing for you…
Birds singing for you…
Because I requested them All to wish You. HAPPY DASHAIN

बिहानी उज्यालो लाई पर्खन्दै अन्धेरी रातमा रुमलिये पनि, झरणालाई नियालेर नि तिर्खाईमा तड्पिए पनि, सहसको बाटो परिवर्तण नहोस् यात्रा निरन्तार चलिरहोस हुरिबतासको लहर जति नै बेगले चले पनि, कर्मको दियो आटुट बलिरहोसयहि छ मेरो भावना, विजया दशमीको हार्दिक मङ्गलमय शुभकामना! शुभकामना!! शुभकामना!!!

Dashain au6 jan6, dasha naaos,

Tika lain6, khas6, bhagya nakhasos,

Jamara lain6 suk6, khushi nasukos,

Ping khelin6, chudin6, sambandhako dori nachudios.

HAPPY DASHAIN 2011

Thuloko aashis,
Saanoko maya,
Dashainko ramjham
sadhai rahi rahos.
Happy DASHAIN !!!

प्रचण्ड झैँ गफाडी नहुनु, गिरिजा झैँ घमण्डी नहुनु, माधव नेपाल झैँ दोधारे नहुनु, शेर बहादुर झैँ अनाडी नहुनु, सुर्य बहादुर झैँ सैतान नहुनु, ज्ञानेन्द्र झैँ लाचारि नहुनु, फोरम झैँ बिखण्ड…न कारी नहुनु, यहि छ मेरो भावना, विजया दशमीको हार्दिक मङ्गलमय शुभकामना।

टिका होस निधारमा, जमरा होस कानमा,खुसि छवोस परिवारमा, अनि शान्ती देशमा,दशैँमा खुसिनै खुसि बास होस सबै शत्रु हरुको नास होस । विजय दशमी को हार्दिक मंङगलमय शुभकामना!!!

Pani khojda beer bhetiyos, Dhara kholda wine bagos, Chicken khanda, sanpro paros, Mutton khanda, hyakula bhetos, Yehi nai “Dashain” ko shuvakamana.

हट्यो सारा हिलो मैलो, हरायो पानीको वर्षा,

भवानीको भयो पूजा चल्यो आनन्दको चर्चा,

जहाँ जाउँ उतै भन्छन्,

दशै आयो दशै आयो यही आनन्द चर्चाले सबै संकट बिर्सायो

यही आनन्द चर्चाले सबै संकट बिर्सायो I Happy Vijaya Dashain 2068

शुभकामना !! शुभकामना !!! दिर्घ, शान्ति र चएन शुखले छावस परिवार जनमा सधै सधै सुख शान्ति रहोस ।

हरपल हरक्षण परिवार एकैसाथ रहुन नटूटॉस , नछुटॉस माया र ममता सधैलाई ।

कहिले महसुस नहोस एक्लोपन मनमा माया छ जहा त्यहि छ जीवन ।

फुलो फलोस परिवार सुखमा दु:खले कहिलै प्रवेश नपावस । शान्ति छावस !

शान्ति छावस, यही छ मेरो वडा दशैको शुभकामना

टीका होस नीधार्मा,
जमरा होस कानमा,
सुख होस परीवार्मा,
शान्ती होस देश्मा,
पुरा होस मनोकामना,
यही छ वीजया डशमी 2068 को शुभकामना

History about mothers day in Nepal

2010-04-13T20:16:00.001-07:00

"Mata Tirtha Aunshi", translated as "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", falls in the month of Baishak dark fortnight (April). This festival falls in the time of dark moon’s time which is why this called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" derived from words: “Mata” meaning mother; “Tirtha” meaning pilgrimage. This festival is observed in the commemoration and respect of the mother which is celebrated by worshipping and gifting living mother or remembering mothers who have become immortal and are resting in peace. Going to Mata Tirtha Pilgrimage located towards the Kathmandu valley’s eastern side at Mata Tirtha Village development committee’s periphery is another tradition common in Nepal.

There is a legend regarding this pilgrimage. In ancient times Lord Krishna’s mother Devaki walked out her house to sight-see. She visited many places and delayed a lot to return back at her house. Lord Krishna became very unhappy because of his mother’s disappearance. So he went out in search of his mother to many places without success. Finally, when he reached “Mata Tirtha Kunda”, he happened to see his mother taking bath there in the spouts of that pond. Lord Krishna was very happy to find her there and narrated all of his tragedies in the absence of his mother. Mother Devaki said to lord Krishna that “oh! Son Krishna let then, this place be the pious rendezvous of children to meet their departed mothers”. So legends believe that since then this place had become a noted holy pilgrimage to see back a devotees’ deceased mother. Also legend believes that a devotee saw his mother’s image inside the pond and he happened to die falling there down. So still there is a small pond fenced by the iron rods in the place even on this present day as well. After the worship the pilgrimage enjoy there singing and dancing throughout the day in the festive mood. There is not evidence of happening of this legend as these are coming from elders based on ancient readings.

Difference between Identifiers and keywords

2010-04-05T06:47:00.000-07:00

Identifiers are the variable names given to locations in the memory of computer where different constant are stored. These locations may be integer, real or character constants. By default the length of identifier is 32 charaters

Keywords are the words whose meaning has already been explained to the C compiler. These keywords can not be used as variable names because if we do so, we are trying to assign new meaning to the keyword, which is not allowed by the C compiler. There are also called as Reserved Words. There are only 32 keywords in C.

Difference between compiler and interpreter

2010-04-05T06:20:00.000-07:00

A compiler is a program that translates program (called source code) written in some high level language into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions. A compiler translates high-level instructions directly into machine language and this process is called compiling
An interpreter translates high-level instructions into an intermediate form, which it then executes. Interpreter analyzes and executes each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program; the advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program immediately. Compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. However, programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter.
Compiled programs generally run faster than interpreted programs. The advantage of an interpreter, however, is that it does not need to get through the compilation stage during which machine instructions are generated. This process can be time-consuming if the program is long. The interpreter, on the other hand, can immediately execute high-level programs. For this reason, interpreters are sometimes used during the development of a program, when a programmer wants to add small sections at a time and test them quickly.

History of Programming Language

2010-04-05T06:13:00.000-07:00

Programming languages have evolved tremendously since early 1950's and this evolution has resulted in over hundreds of different languages being invented and used in the industry. This revolution is needed as we can now instruct computers more easily and faster than ever before due to technological advancement in hardware with fast processors like the 200MHz Pentium Pro developed by Intel®. The increase in quantities and speed powerful computers are being produced now, more capable of handling complex codes from different languages from this generation, like Appware and PROLOG, will prompt language designers to design more efficient codes for various applications. This article will be going down memory lane to look at past five generations of languages and looking at how they revolutionise the computer industry.
We start out with the first and second generation languages during the period of 1950-60, which to many experienced programmers will say are machine and assembly languages. Programming language history really began with the work of Charles Babbage in the early nineteenth century who developed automated calculation for mathematical functions. Further developments in early 1950 brought us machine language without interpreters and compilers to translate languages. Micro-code is an example of the first generation language residing in the CPU written for doing multiplication or division. Computers then were programmed in binary notation that was very prone to errors. A simple algorithm resulted in lengthy code. This was then improved to mnemonic codes to represent operations.
Symbolic assembly codes came next in the mid 1950's, the second generation of programming language like AUTOCODER, SAP and SPS. Symbolic addresses allowed programmers to represent memory locations, variables and instructions with names. Programmers now had the flexibility not to change the addresses for new locations of variables whenever they are modified. This kind of programming is still considered fast and to program in machine language required high knowledge of the CPU and machine's instruction set. This also meant high hardware dependency and lack of portability. Assembly or machine code could not run on different machines. Example, code written for the Intel® Processor family would look very different for code written for the Motorola 68X00 series. To convert would mean changing a whole length of code.
Throughout the early 1960's till 1980 saw the emergence of the third generation programming languages. Languages like ALGOL 58, 60 and 68, COBOL, FORTRAN IV, ADA and C are examples of this and were considered as high level languages. Most of this languages had compilers and the advantage of this was speed. Independence was another factor as these languages were machine independent and could run on different machines. The advantages of high level languages include the support for ideas of abstraction so that programmers can concentrate on finding the solution to the problem rapidly, rather than on low-level details of data representation. The comparative ease of use and learning, improved portability and simplified debugging, modifications and maintenance led to reliability and lower software costs.
These languages were mostly created following von Neumann constructs which had sequential procedural operations and code executed using branches and loops. Although the syntax between these languages were different but they shared similar constructs and were more readable by programmers and users compared to assembly languages. Some languages were improved over time and some were influenced by previous languages, taking the desired features thought to be good and discarding unwanted ones. New features were also added to the desired features to make the language more powerful.
COBOL (COmmon Business-Oriented Language), a business data processing language is an example of a language constantly improving over the decades. It started out with a language called FLOWMATIC in 1955 and this language influenced the birth of COBOL-60 in 1959. Over the years, improvements were done to this language and COBOL 61, 65, 68, 70 were developed, being recognised as a standard in 1961. Now the new COBOL 97 has included new features like Object Oriented Programming to keep up with current languages. One good possible reason for this is the fact that existing code is important and to totally develop a new language from start would be a lengthy process. This also was the rationalisation behind the developments of C and C++.
Then, there were languages that evolved from other languages like LISP1 developed in 1959 for artificial intelligence work, evolving into the 1.5 version and had strong influences languages like MATHLAB, LPL and PL/I. Language like BALM had the combined influence of ALGOL-60 and LISP 1.5. These third generation languages are less processor dependent than lower level languages. An advantage in languages like C++ is that it gives the programmers a lot of control over how things are done in creating applications. This control however calls for more in depth knowledge of how the operating system and computer works. Many of the real programmers now still prefer to use these languages despite the fact the programmer having to devote a substantial professional effort to the leaning of a new complicated syntax which sometimes have little relation to human-language syntax even if it is in English.
Third generation languages often followed procedural code, meaning the language performs functions defined in specific procedures on how something is done. In comparison, most fourth generation languages are nonprocedural. A disadvantage with fourth generation languages was they were slow compared to compiled languages and they also lacked control. Powerful languages of the future will combine procedural code and nonprocedural statements together with the flexibility of interactive screen applications, a powerful way of developing application. Languages specifying what is accomplished but not how, not concerned with the detailed procedures needed to achieve its target like in graphic packages, applications and report generators. The need for this kind of languages is in line with minimum work and skill concept, point and click, programmers who are end users of software applications designed using third generation languages unseen by the commercial users. Programmers whose primary interests are programming and computing use third generation languages and programmers who use the computers and programs to solve problems from other applications are the main users of the fourth generation languages.
Features evident in fourth generation languages quite clearly are that it must be user friendly, portable and independent of operating systems, usable by non-programmers, having intelligent default options about what the user wants and allowing the user to obtain results fasts using minimum requirement code generated with bug-free code from high-level expressions (employing a data-base and dictionary management which makes applications easy and quick to change), which was not possible using COBOL or PL/I. Standardisation however, in early stages of evolution can inhibit creativity in developing powerful languages for the future. Examples of this generation of languages are IBM's ADRS2, APL, CSP and AS, Power Builder, Access.
The 1990's saw the developments of fifth generation languages like PROLOG, referring to systems used in the field of artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic and neural networks. This means computers can in the future have the ability to think for themselves and draw their own inferences using programmed information in large databases. Complex processes like understanding speech would appear to be trivial using these fast inferences and would make the software seem highly intelligent. In fact, these databases programmed in a specialised area of study would show a significant expertise greater than humans. Also, improvements in the fourth generation languages now carried features where users did not need any programming knowledge. Little or no coding and computer aided design with graphics provides an easy to use product that can generate new applications.
What does the next generation of languages hold for us? The sixth generation? That is pretty uncertain at the moment. With fast processors, like in fifth generation computers, able to have multiple processors operating in parallel to solve problems simultaneously will probably ignite a whole new type of language being designed. The current trend of the Internet and the World Wide Web could cultivate a whole new breed of radical programmers for the future, now exploring new boundaries with languages like HTML and Java. What happens next is entirely dependent on the future needs of the whole computer and communications industry. Microsoft simply says, "Where do you want to go today?"
-Bhuwan kandel
- galaxy_bhuwan@yahoo.com

loops and its brief

2010-03-28T04:23:00.000-07:00

Loops

Loops are used to repeat a block of code. Being able to have your program repeatedly execute a block of code is one of the most basic but useful tasks in programming -- many programs or websites that produce extremely complex output (such as a message board) are really only executing a single task many times. (They may be executing a small number of tasks, but in principle, to produce a list of messages only requires repeating the operation of reading in some data and displaying it.) Now, think about what this means: a loop lets you write a very simple statement to produce a significantly greater result simply by repetition.

One caveat: before going further, you should understand the concept of C's true and false, because it will be necessary when working with loops (the conditions are the same as with if statements). This concept is covered before. There are three types of loops: for, while, and do..while. Each of them has their specific uses. They are all outlined below.
FOR - for loops are the most useful type. The syntax for a for loop is

for ( variable initialization; condition; variable update ) {
  Code to execute while the condition is true
}

The variable initialization allows you to either declare a variable and give it a value or give a value to an already existing variable. Second, the condition tells the program that while the conditional expression is true the loop should continue to repeat itself. The variable update section is the easiest way for a for loop to handle changing of the variable. It is possible to do things like x++, x = x + 10, or even x = random ( 5 ), and if you really wanted to, you could call other functions that do nothing to the variable but still have a useful effect on the code. Notice that a semicolon separates each of these sections, that is important. Also note that every single one of the sections may be empty, though the semicolons still have to be there. If the condition is empty, it is evaluated as true and the loop will repeat until something else stops it.

Example:

#include 

int main()
{
    int x;
    /* The loop goes while x < 10, and x increases by one every loop*/
    for ( x = 0; x < 10; x++ ) {
        /* Keep in mind that the loop condition checks 
           the conditional statement before it loops again.
           consequently, when x equals 10 the loop breaks.
           x is updated before the condition is checked. */   
        printf( "%d\n", x );
    }
    getchar();
}

This program is a very simple example of a for loop. x is set to zero, while x is less than 10 it calls printf to display the value of the variable x, and it adds 1 to x until the condition is met. Keep in mind also that the variable is incremented after the code in the loop is run for the first time.

WHILE - WHILE loops are very simple. The basic structure is

while ( condition ) { Code to execute while the condition is true } The true represents a boolean expression which could be x == 1 or while ( x != 7 ) (x does not equal 7). It can be any combination of boolean statements that are legal. Even, (while x ==5 || v == 7) which says execute the code while x equals five or while v equals 7. Notice that a while loop is like a stripped-down version of a for loop-- it has no initialization or update section. However, an empty condition is not legal for a while loop as it is with a for loop.

Example:

#include 

int main()
{ 
  int x = 0;  /* Don't forget to declare variables */
  
  while ( x < 10 ) { /* While x is less than 10 */
      printf( "%d\n", x );
      x++;             /* Update x so the condition can be met eventually */
  }
  getchar();
}

This was another simple example, but it is longer than the above FOR loop. The easiest way to think of the loop is that when it reaches the brace at the end it jumps back up to the beginning of the loop, which checks the condition again and decides whether to repeat the block another time, or stop and move to the next statement after the block.

DO..WHILE - DO..WHILE loops are useful for things that want to loop at least once. The structure is

do {
} while ( condition );

Notice that the condition is tested at the end of the block instead of the beginning, so the block will be executed at least once. If the condition is true, we jump back to the beginning of the block and execute it again. A do..while loop is almost the same as a while loop except that the loop body is guaranteed to execute at least once. A while loop says "Loop while the condition is true, and execute this block of code", a do..while loop says "Execute this block of code, and then continue to loop while the condition is true".

Example:

#include 

int main()
{
  int x;

  x = 0;
  do {
    /* "Hello, world!" is printed at least one time
      even though the condition is false*/
    printf( "%d\n", x );
  } while ( x != 0 );
  getchar();
}

Keep in mind that you must include a trailing semi-colon after the while in the above example. A common error is to forget that a do..while loop must be terminated with a semicolon (the other loops should not be terminated with a semicolon, adding to the confusion). Notice that this loop will execute once, because it automatically executes before checking the condition.

Break and Continue

Two keywords that are very important to looping are break and continue. The break command will exit the most immediately surrounding loop regardless of what the conditions of the loop are. Break is useful if we want to exit a loop under special circumstances. For example, let's say the program we're working on is a two-person checkers game. The basic structure of the program might look like this:

while (true) 
{
    take_turn(player1);
    take_turn(player2);
}

This will make the game alternate between having player 1 and player 2 take turns. The only problem with this logic is that there's no way to exit the game; the loop will run forever! Let's try something like this instead:

while(true)
{
    if (someone_has_won() || someone_wants_to_quit() == TRUE)
    {break;}
    take_turn(player1);
    if (someone_has_won() || someone_wants_to_quit() == TRUE)
    {break;}
    take_turn(player2);
}

This code accomplishes what we want--the primary loop of the game will continue under normal circumstances, but under a special condition (winning or exiting) the flow will stop and our program will do something else.
Continue is another keyword that controls the flow of loops. If you are executing a loop and hit a continue statement, the loop will stop its current iteration, update itself (in the case of for loops) and begin to execute again from the top. Essentially, the continue statement is saying "this iteration of the loop is done, let's continue with the loop without executing whatever code comes after me." Let's say we're implementing a game of Monopoly. Like above, we want to use a loop to control whose turn it is, but controlling turns is a bit more complicated in Monopoly than in checkers. The basic structure of our code might then look something like this:

for (player = 1; someone_has_won == FALSE; player++)
    {
        if (player > total_number_of_players)
        {player = 1;}
        if (is_bankrupt(player))
        {continue;}
        take_turn(player);
    }

This way, if one player can't take her turn, the game doesn't stop for everybody; we just skip her and keep going with the next player's turn.

run turbo c in full screen on Window Vista and Windows 7

2010-03-23T22:30:00.000-07:00

Normally in Nepal, majority of schools and colleges have Turbo C/C++ as the default IDE. Most students are younger than the Turbo C/C++ compiler they use at colleges. I checked our college's Turbo C++ and it was made in 1993. Back then George Bush Sr. was the president of the USA and Windows 95 was still 2 yrs away. I tired to run Turbo C in Vista and failed and so found a solution for the same. Now U can run Turbo C++ 3.0 on Windows XP 64 bit , Vista 32 bit and 64 bit OS (in full screen) using the tutorial below :

(1) Install the software DOSBox ver 0.72 ( 1.2 MB ) (Freeware) from the link below (Direct Link)

http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/dosbox/DOSBox0.72-win32-installer.exe?download

(2) Before going to the details u have to create a folder (any name will do). Here we name it as Turbo

(3) Copy the TC into the Turbo folder. You can download Turbo C/C++ here.

(4) Run the DOSBox 0.72 from the icon located on the desktop or from the location of the installation folder

(5) Then u are presented with two screens which look like the command prompt in Windows. One with a Z prompt. You can ignore the other screen.

(6) Type the following commands at the command prompt [Z]:

Mount [Type in any alphabet that u wish except z] [Type the source of the turbo C] press enter

(7) Now , Type in the following commands after the Z prompt:

Z: mount d c:\Turbo\ [The folder TC is present inside the folder Turbo]

(8) Now u should get a message which says: Drive D is mounted as a local directory c:\Turbo\

(9) Type d: to shift to d: prompt . Next follow the commands below

cd TC [The contents inside the folder Turbo gets mounted as a virtual drive (Here D drive)

cd Bin

TC or Tc.exe [This presents u the Turbo C++3.0 screen]

(10) In the Turbo C++ goto Options>Directories> Change the source of TC to the source directory [D] ( i.e. virtual D: refers to original c:\Turbo\ . So make the path change to something like D:\TC\include and D:\TC\lib respectively )

===========================================================

Points to Note:

(1) In order to get the full screen use the key combination of Alt and Enter

(2) When u exit from the DosBox [precisely when u unmount the virtual drive where Turbo C++ 3.0 has been mounted] all the files u have saved or made changes in Turbo C++ 3.0 will be copied into the source directory(The directory which contains TC folder)

(3) It is a good idea to backup your files in the source directory prior to running DOSBox 0.72

(4) For additional help go through the readme file located in the installation folder or look on the website of the DOSBox forum.

(5) Don't use shortcut keys to perform operations in TC because they might be a shortcut key for DOSBOX also . Eg : Ctrl+F9 will exit DOSBOX rather running the code .

UPDATE :

You can save yourself some time by having DOSBox automatically MOUNT your folders

For DOSBox versions older then 0.73 browse into program installation folder and open the dosbox.conf file in any text editor. For version 0.73 go to Start Menu and click on "Configuration" and then "Edit Configuration". Then scroll down to the very end, and add the lines which you want to automatically execute when DOS BOX starts.

Now those commands will be executed automatically when DOS BOX starts!

turbo c on window vista and windows 7

2010-03-23T22:24:00.000-07:00

http://www.techquark.com/2007/08/turbo-c-for-vista.html